Several methods are used to assess cell damage in toxicology:
Biochemical assays: These tests measure biomarkers such as enzyme activity, protein levels, and DNA damage to evaluate cell health. Microscopy: Techniques like electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy are used to visualize structural changes in cells. Molecular techniques: Methods like PCR and Western blotting detect specific genetic and protein alterations indicative of cell damage. In vitro models: Cell cultures provide a controlled environment to study the effects of toxic agents on cells. In vivo studies: Animal models help to understand the systemic effects of toxic substances and their impact on different tissues.
