Toxic agents can induce cell damage through several mechanisms:
Oxidative stress: Toxic agents can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Disruption of cellular membranes: Some toxicants can compromise the integrity of cell membranes, leading to loss of cellular homeostasis. Interference with metabolic pathways: Toxic substances can inhibit or alter metabolic enzymes, disrupting normal cellular function. DNA damage: Certain toxic agents can directly or indirectly cause genetic mutations, leading to potential long-term effects such as cancer. Inflammation: Prolonged exposure to toxicants can trigger chronic inflammatory responses, which can further exacerbate cellular damage.
