Skin toxicity is assessed through a combination of in vitro and in vivo tests, alongside computational models. In vitro tests involve the use of reconstructed human epidermis or animal skin models to evaluate irritancy and corrosivity. In vivo tests, often conducted on animal models, provide insights into systemic effects. Recent advances in non-animal testing methods, such as 3D skin models and computer simulations, are increasingly employed to predict human responses without ethical concerns.
