In response to ethical and scientific challenges, alternative methods to animal testing are continually being developed. In vitro methods, using cell cultures and tissue samples, have become increasingly sophisticated, allowing for the assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Advanced computational models, known as in silico methods, use computer simulations to predict toxicity outcomes based on chemical structure and biological data. Innovations like organ-on-a-chip technologies, which mimic human organ systems, are also promising tools that could reduce reliance on laboratory animals in the future.
