Several nephrotoxic agents are associated with CKD. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury are known for their kidney-damaging properties. Prolonged exposure to these metals can result in the accumulation of toxins that impair renal function. Organic solvents, including hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents, are also implicated in CKD. Additionally, overuse of certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can lead to kidney damage.
