Kinases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the regulation of various biological processes by transferring phosphate groups from high-energy molecules like ATP to specific substrates. This process, known as phosphorylation, is vital for cellular signaling, metabolism, and growth regulation. In the context of toxicology, kinases are of particular interest due to their involvement in pathways that regulate cell survival, apoptosis, and response to stress and toxins.
