There are numerous urinary biomarkers used in toxicology, each specific to certain chemicals or groups of chemicals:
Heavy Metals: Biomarkers for metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium include the metals themselves or their metabolites. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Metabolites like trichloroacetic acid can indicate exposure to VOCs. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene is a common biomarker for PAH exposure.
