The metabolism of toxic substances is primarily facilitated by enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for the oxidative reactions in Phase I metabolism, introducing or exposing functional groups on the xenobiotic molecule. Phase II enzymes, like glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, further conjugate these metabolites, enhancing their solubility for excretion.
