DNA damage can occur through various mechanisms, including:
Base Modifications: Alterations in the normal structure of DNA bases, such as deamination or oxidation, can lead to incorrect base pairing during replication. Single-Strand Breaks: Breaks in one of the DNA strands can be caused by oxidative stress or certain chemical agents. Double-Strand Breaks: These are more severe than single-strand breaks and can result from ionizing radiation or certain chemotherapeutic drugs.
