Enzymes such as cytochrome P450 are vital for catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions. These enzymes help introduce oxygen into a substrate during oxidation, often forming an epoxide or hydroxyl group, which increases the compound's reactivity. In reduction reactions, enzymes can aid in the addition of hydrogen to compounds, often reducing double bonds or nitro groups. The activity of these enzymes can be influenced by genetic factors, age, diet, and the presence of other chemicals, impacting the overall toxicity of a substance.
