A variety of analytical techniques are employed for the identification of toxic substances. Chromatography, including gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), is widely used for separating complex mixtures. Coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), these techniques offer highly sensitive and specific methods for detecting and characterizing toxicants. Additionally, spectroscopic methods like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy provide valuable structural information about unknown compounds.
