Biomarkers in toxicology are generally categorized into three main types: biomarkers of exposure, biomarkers of effect, and biomarkers of susceptibility. Biomarkers of exposure indicate the presence of a chemical in the body, providing a measure of the magnitude of exposure. Biomarkers of effect reflect biological responses to exposure that may indicate the onset of adverse health effects. Lastly, biomarkers of susceptibility help identify individuals who may be at an increased risk due to genetic or other predispositions.
