Hydroxyl groups play a crucial role in the metabolism of drugs and other chemicals. They are often introduced into molecules through the process of hydroxylation, a common phase I metabolic reaction. This process is catalyzed by various enzymes, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. The addition of a hydroxyl group can facilitate further metabolic reactions, such as conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate, which are phase II reactions that increase the water solubility of a compound, aiding in its excretion. The introduction of a hydroxyl group can also lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause oxidative stress and damage cellular components, contributing to toxicity.
