Molecular shape is a key determinant of how a substance interacts with biological targets such as enzymes, receptors, and DNA. The conformation of a molecule can influence its ability to bind to specific receptors or enzymes, potentially leading to toxic effects. For example, isomersâcompounds with the same molecular formula but different structuresâcan exhibit vastly different toxicological profiles. The stereochemistry of a molecule, including its chirality, can determine whether a compound is toxic or beneficial. For instance, one enantiomer of a drug might be therapeutic, while the other could be harmful.
