Carcinogenicity is assessed through a combination of epidemiological studies, animal studies, and in vitro tests. Epidemiological studies examine cancer incidence in human populations exposed to specific substances, while animal studies provide insights into potential mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In vitro tests, such as the Ames test, assess the mutagenic potential of chemicals. Regulatory bodies like the IARC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) evaluate this evidence to classify substances according to their carcinogenic risk.
