The status of the antioxidant defense system can be assessed using various biomarkers and assays. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is a commonly used measure that reflects the overall ability of serum or plasma to counteract ROS. Specific assays can measure the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants can be quantified using techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
