MDPV can be highly toxic, especially at high doses or with prolonged use. The acute toxic effects may include severe agitation, paranoia, hallucinations, and panic attacks. Physiological symptoms can involve tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysis. In extreme cases, MDPV usage can lead to organ failure or even death. The risk of toxicity is compounded by the drug's potency and the difficulty in determining a safe dosage.
