What is the impact of toxins on the endoplasmic reticulum?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for protein folding and processing. Toxicants can induce ER stress by disrupting protein folding, leading to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. This triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular stress response aimed at restoring normal function. However, if the stress is severe or prolonged, it can lead to cell death via apoptosis. Many environmental toxicants, such as heavy metals, can induce ER stress, contributing to their toxic effects.
