Many toxicants induce oxidative stress by generating ROS or by impairing the cell's antioxidant defense mechanisms. ROS are highly reactive molecules that can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA, contributing to cellular injury and disease. Energy metabolism, particularly in the mitochondria, is a significant source of ROS. Toxins such as paraquat and certain heavy metals can exacerbate ROS production, overwhelming the cell's ability to maintain redox balance and leading to oxidative damage.
