The primary mechanisms contributing to cellular swelling include inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, increased membrane permeability, and mitochondrial dysfunction. When the Na+/K+ ATPase pump fails, sodium ions accumulate inside the cell, drawing water in through osmosis. Increased membrane permeability can also result from oxidative stress, allowing ions and water to freely enter the cell. Additionally, dysfunctional mitochondria produce less ATP, exacerbating the pump's inefficiency and further promoting swelling.
