Nucleotides are key players in cell signaling, acting as second messengers in various biological pathways. For instance, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are involved in signal transduction pathways that regulate cellular responses to hormones and environmental stimuli. In a toxicological context, these pathways can be disrupted by toxicants, leading to altered cellular function and adverse health effects.
