Renal excretion: The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering blood and excreting waste products and toxic substances through urine. Biliary excretion: The liver secretes bile, which carries waste products and toxic substances into the intestines for elimination via feces. Pulmonary excretion: The lungs excrete volatile substances, primarily through exhalation. Sweat and Saliva: Minor routes but still significant, especially for certain substances that can be excreted through sweat or saliva. Lactation: Some toxicants can be excreted through breast milk, which is crucial for assessing the risk to breastfeeding infants.
